Tolman, C. Edward: (1886-1959) Behavioristic psychologist who recognized that you can be a behaviorist without having to accept the stimulus-response data languages (i.e. semi-secret code words) of Pavlovian and Skinnerian behaviorism. To Tolman, higher order or 'molar' concepts like information or expectancy better described behavior, and could be throughly empirical if they strictly referred to behavior. His ideas strongly influenced the functional behaviorism of Robert Bolles and the present day bio-behaviorism of Kent Berridge.
To Tolman behaviorists should be open minded, modest, undogmatic, and self critical; a position guaranteeing exactly no notoriety, hence the obsurity of his position (as well as his successors) which has held to this day.
